Background and Objective: The pain and anxiety caused by ordinary dental syringes in children has led to the invention of needle-free injection, which can affect the attitude of young patients towards dentistry. The aim of this study is to compare the needle-free syringe (NumBee) and the conventional one in terms of anesthesia efficiency and pain perception during anesthetic injection and tooth cavity preparation. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 30 patients aged 6-8 who had no experience of visiting a dentist and all of them needed Class I tooth restoration for their mandibular 1st permanent teeth, were selected. They received local anesthetic by NumBee for one side and a conventional dental syringe for the other in two randomized sequential dental treatments. Wong Baker Faces pain scale was used to assess pain perception during local anesthetic injection and cavity preparation. Efficiency was evaluated by reported symptoms during cavity preparation and the need for rescue anesthesia. Findings: NumBee injections induced less pain than cavity preparation for 12 out of 17 girls (p=0.019). However, when the children were anesthetized with NumBee, cavity preparation was significantly more painful than with inferior alveolar nerve block (p=0.013). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, NumBee injection was less painful than inferior dental nerve block. However, NumBee supplies less anesthesia than the inferior alveolar nerve block.

Introduction: Inhalation induction is a common method in pediatrics anesthesia . There is not suitable clincial guide for assessmen depth of anesthesia before intubation, in this study adequacy of Jaw thrust as a guide for this assessement was evaluated.Methods: In a clinical trial study 90 pediatric patient, ASA1 & 2, six month to 5 year old age, were divided in case and control groups. Inhalation inductions were done by 4% Halothane, 4lit/min O2 and 4Lit/min N2o under spontaneous ventilation. In case and control groups, Jaw thrust and ordinary methods were utilized respectively for assessment of depth of anesthesia befor intubations. Changes in HR, SpO2, end tidal of halothane and duration of induction, duration of laryngoscopy, reactions to intubations and complications were measured and then analyzed by t - test and Chi squar statistical tests.Results: Duration and complications of larynogscopy were greater in case than control group. Conclusion: Jaw thrust alone is not a good clinical test assessment of depth of anesthesia before intubations in inhalation anesthesia. Probaly one and half to two minutes after negative respones to jaw thrust is a suitable time for intubations in pediatrics inhalation anesthesia .

This research was carried out on 48 patients aged from 12 to 67 who refered to Oral Surgery Department at Tabriz Dental school for their teeth extraction.Patients were divided into 4 groups as follow:Group A1: Patients with teeth on both sides of lower jaw to be extracted. One side, was adopted as Experimental while the other side was considered as control (Inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia or mental nerve block anesthesia).Group A2 Patients with teeth on both sides of lower jaw to be extracted, with the difference that only on one side Mod I.O.A was adopted with no injection of any kind on the other side. Group B: Patients with teeth only on one side of the lower jaw to be extracted, in which Mod I.O.A was employed.Group C: Patients, in whom inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia was failed and then Mod I.O.A was adopted for Extractions.To perform this technique, a manual terphinator was designed. Use of this device removes the need for incision of mucosa and the bone at the apex of the tooth. This is because, these tissues will be perforated. rated during the technique, with an access to spongeous bone.Results showed, the effect of the anesthetic solution in this technique is rapid, short and limited. In addition there is no relationship between the degree of anesthesia with age, sex or the kind of tooth to be extracted. In spite of the passage of the anesthetic solution from the midline, it's distribution through the bone differs among the different people.

Noble Qur’, ā, n contains all the knowledge and rulings and, therefore, needs to be explicated and elaborated by the Infallibles (a). Overlooking the role of the Infallibles in the explication of verses brings about irrevocable consequences like failing to attain the purpose of God and misunderstanding the divine aim. Those who are known as Qur’, ā, nists believe that Qur’, ā, n is understandable by the public and is needless of interpretation, even of the interpretation of the Infallibles (a). This view causes wrong perception of the text of Qur’, ā, n and results in the risk of deviation in belief and practice. Sayyid Abulfaḍ, l Burqa‘, ī,is a contemporary Iranian Qur’, ā, nist. For his belief in Qur’, ā, n’, s being needless of interpretation, he refers to reasons such as the understanding of Qur’, ā, n by Arabs of Ignorant Era with no need for interpretation,lack of interpretation of Qur’, ā, n by God, the Prophet (s), and the Infallibles (a),the Word of God’, s being clearer than the interpretation by humans,attribution of superstitions to most verses by the interpreters,the impact of interpreter’, s denomination and tendency on the interpretation of verses,the understanding of the Quran verses by its other verses with no need for interpretation,and completeness of the Book of God and its needlessness to be completed by the Servants. All of these reasons are controversial and the study at hand criticizes these reasons using a descriptive-analytical method. Nowadays, some, particularly Wahhabis, have tried to undermine Shī, ‘, a view by resorting to the views of Burqa‘, ī, . Thus, probing and criticizing his views is necessary. The results of the present study which is done using a descriptive-analytical method show that fallacy, misunderstanding, incomprehensiveness, inaccuracy, etc. have incurred the reasons provided by Burqa‘, ī, . The use of narrations by Burqa‘, ī,himself to explain some of the verses indicates that interpretation and elaboration by the Infallibles (a) is needed for a complete understanding of Qur’, ā, n.

Introduction. Despite of vital role of blood and it"s components as an only curable treatment, it"s transfusion is accompanied by many complications. In the other way, the most important adverse effects of anemia is decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues. Therefore, it is essential to determine those patients need to blood transfusion and exact hemoglobine and hematocrite level which transfusion become necessary. Recent studies show that during general anesthesia due to vasodilation in the level of microcirculation and passage of many red blood cells from microcirculation there is a decreasing in hemoglobine level measured in peripheral veins which named plasma skimming. So, during sampling of hemoglobine and hematocrite from peripheral veins, there is a pseudodecrease in Hb and HCT levels. In this study we want to determine this decrease in Hb and HeT. Methods. Study was done in 182 patients with ASA 1 and 2 undergoing general or local anesthesia for cataract surgery. Duration of nill per os (NPO), preoperotive and intraoperative intravenous fluid administration were simillar in two groups. A sample of blood for preoperative evaluation and another one immediately after operation achevied and compared with each other. Results. There was not significant differences between mean Hb and HCT in two groups preoperotive. But postoperative, there was a significant differences between mean Hb and HCT in general anesthesia vs local anesthesia (P<0.01). This decrease in Hb and HCT was orderly 0.91±1.14 gr/dl for Hb and 2.862±3.6 percent for Hct. Discussion. In determining of Hb and HCT immediately after general anesthesia, there is some pseudo decrease due to plasma skimming that must be appreciated.

From the first periods of gradual growth and intellectual maturity of human beings, human beings have always been in search of the foundations and resources of some sciences in various fields, especially in the field of humanities. In the same process, he may have thought of discovering the mysteries related to the convergence of these sciences. Undoubtedly, the origins of most of the humanities have commonalities, but in order to expand their scope, it seems that the origin of their formation must be different. Categories such as myth and mysticism, although seemingly different in approach, but both are prominent manifestations of Iranian identity in various positions, especially in the symbolic dimension of language, interpretability, narrative, artistic approach, closeness to religious texts, they have convergence and harmony and this commonality and convergence shows itself more in the field of poetry and literature. Therefore, many poets, including Hafez, have not been unaware of this point.

Introduction: Increasing use of regional anesthesia instead of general anesthesia may be the most important factor in decreasing anesthetic difficulties (e.g. difficult intubations, aspiration pneumonia, and analgesic side effect) in caesarean section. Quality of regional anesthesia is improved by adding morphine, fentanyl and sufentanil. The function of Epinephrine is dose-dependent. For instance, in small dosage, it has stimulating effects on Beta1 and Beta2 causing venous stasis to minimize. However, in large doses, Epinephrine’s Alfa adrenergic is dominant. This study aimed at investigating the potential hemodynamic effects of adding Epinephrine to lidocaine during spinal anesthesia on expecting mothers who are candidates of caesarean section.Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial on 100 pregnant women who were candidates for caesarean section with ASA class I, II in the year of 1387.The subjects of the study were divided into two groups, (1) and (2) on the basis of the randomized digital table as follows: Group 1: 80 mg lidocaine 5% +2 micro gram sufentanil Group2: 80 mg lidocaine 5%+2 micro gram sufentanyl+0.2 mg (0.2cc) Epinephrine. Both groups received the drugs intrathecally. Vital signs such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and SPO2 were recorded both before the anesthesia and thereafter every 5 minutes until the end of the operation. The measuring procedure continued during and after the recovery stage. Besides, the side effects and the drugs needed were recorded.Results: According to the findings in this study, there weren't any significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, weight, ASA, NPO timing and the previous surgery. There weren't any significant differences between the two groups of the study in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, either. However, some hypotension was noted in Adrenaline group. Also, there weren't any significant differences in PR but some bradycardia was seen in Adrenaline group, too. There weren't any significant differences in SPO2 and side effects (nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, respiratory disorder, shivering) between the two groups.Conclusion: Adding Epinephrine to Lidocaine 5% increased the duration of spinal aesthesia in caesarean section whereas no significant difference was observed in terms of hemodynamic and side effects. Nevertheless, regarding the emergence of hypotension and bradycardia observed in the Adrenaline group, no matter how rare, close control of hemodynamic in this group is essential.